Check out the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website for information on all areas of communication. Slogan for this year's Better Hearing and Speech Month is "Helping People Communicate."
This is an excellent site to learn information about any area related to speech, language or hearing.
Next week, May 10-16 is National Stuttering Awareness Week!
Visit the Stuttering Foundation of America website to get all of the answers to questions you may have about stuttering. It is especially helpful if you are worried that your child may be a stutterer.
Friday, May 7, 2010
Monday, March 22, 2010
Speech Sound Milestones
As a speech pathologist, I often have people asking me questions about their toddlers' and preschoolers' speech sound development. "Articulation" is the formal term for the ability to physically make consonant and vowel sounds that can be used alone and in combination with other sounds for the purpose of speech. All babies babble. This is the early sound play where we hope to hear a true word. It usually sounds like "ah-buh," "muh-muh-muh," and "ah-da." They will babble sounds that are in our language and some sounds that are not speech sounds. If a child doesn't babble, or if they babble and then stop babbling, their hearing should be assessed. For a typical child, speech sounds develop in a similar developmental manner. Although all children vary somewhat, we can hope to have children master the production of certain sounds by certain ages. Some children learn later sounds at a younger age and may sound like they have perfect speech by age 3. Others have sounds that aren't completely mature yet by age 5. Both of these examples are within the range of what is normal. Below are general guidelines for speech sound development. Your child may be a bit ahead or behind these guidelines and that's ok, as long as they continue to go through the stages in a near age approppriate time span. If you have any questions or worries, start with your pediatrician or local public health department and ask for a speech and language evaluation. Early intervention programs will be available to you if your child is delayed.
1-6 months
Vowel sounds are generally heard first. Soon there will be consonants, typically ones like "k" and "g" produced in the back of the mouth. Towards 6 months there may be some combinations of consonants and vowels.
6 months
Makes a lot of different sounds such as laughing, gurgles and coos. Babble when alone and for attention.
8 months
May often use syllables ba, da, ka. They will try to imitate sounds and make four or even more different consonants.
10 months
They may use a syllable or use several in repetition such as "ba-ba-ba-ba." They may start saying "dada" or "mama." They will start using jargon which is babbling with intonation making it sound like a "sentence." They will also shout to gain attention.
12 months
By one year of age they will say two words in addition to "mama" and "dada" on a regular basis. They will try to imitate sounds and familiar words. Will start making sounds of familiar animals and environmental noises like motors. Hears well and can tell the difference between many sounds.
18 months
They will use 10-20 words and start combining 2 words like "all gone," "Mommy up."
Imitates sounds and words more easily and accurately.
24 months
Vocabulary growing fast..around 300 or more words. Sentences of 2-3 words used regularly.
Using many different consonants correctly but may still substitute one sound for another such as
"d" for "g" or "t" for "k." They may be able to make consonant sounds but use them incorrectly at times.
3 years
All vowel sounds can be produced correctly. 90% of 3 year olds can correctly use consonants: m, n, p, h, w.
4 years
90% of 4 year olds can correctly use the consonants: k,t,g,d,b,v,f
5 years
90% of 5 year olds can correctly use: y, ing
6 years
90% of 6 year olds can correctly produce: l, j, sh, wh, ch, zh (treasure)
7 years
90% of 7 year olds correctly use: r, s, z
8 years
90% of 8 year olds can correctly use: th, blends (pr, sl, sp,tr...)
Friday, March 12, 2010
Teaching Letters and Sounds to Preschoolers
When I work with children as young as three years old on correcting error sounds, I am very aware that because they are not yet readers, they do not have the same understanding of sounds and letters that older children have. Some children are aware of letters and may know the alphabet song. The connection between a letter and a sound is not typically something that children learn until they get to pre-k or kindergarten. Letters and sounds are different concepts and I think it's as important to teach the connection between the two as it is to teach the letters themselves. All parents try to teach their children the alphabet song. I think this is great. What could make this even better is to be sure that they pair what the kids are singing to a picture of the letters as they are singing them. If there is no concrete connection made between the auditory letter and the visual letter, then the children are just learning a random song. All children should have an alphabet poster or chart of some kind that should be brought out when the ABC song is done. They should be taught to touch each letter as they are singing it. This will avoid that single "LMNOP" cluster that they clearly think is one word. The same chart can be used when teaching the children that each letter makes a sound. I like to use a song that I heard in the pre-k classroom with all of my kids in speech therapy. I take the sound that they are targeting and put it in the song. The song is to the tune of "hot cross buns" and it would go like this: "D says duh, D says duh, every letter makes a sound and D says duh." This can be used with every sound. I tend to use the short vowel sounds when doing the vowels, since when vowels are long they say their own letter name. When doing vowels use short sounds "a" (as), "e" (bed), "i" (in), "o" (on), "u" (up). These tend to be harder for kids to learn for reading and writing and any jump start is helpful. The pre-k classroom picks one letter each week to target and then does activities all week with that sound. Art activities, searching for things that start with that sound etc. I suggest that parents do the same thing. As the weeks progress, you add to the length of the sound song and mix the letters up so they are not learned only in order. This work on pairing sounds and letters will give your child a great jump on early reading skills. We tend to forget that just because a child can sing the alphabet song does not mean that he knows his sounds and letters.
Wednesday, February 24, 2010
Speech Development and Ear Fluid
It is common for infants and toddlers to have ear infections. It is also common for them to have an excess amount of fluid in their ears that never becomes infected. Otitis Media is the medical term for inflamation of the middle ear (the part of the ear right behind the eardrum) that is accompanied by a build-up of fluid. (The Otitis Media link above has a great deal of information and is a great supplement to this basic information I am providing). The fluid can be an infection, but this is not always the case. It is more difficult to recognize when a child has only fluid build-up because there is no accompanying pain or other symptoms. When they have an ear infection, they may cry, pull on their ears or have a fever to tip you off. You will likely take them to the doctor and they may be put on an antibiotic to clear up the infection. Once the infection is cleared up, there is still the chance that they have excess fluid. If the child has excess fluid behind the eardrum, but no pain, you may never know this situation is happening. Other children may have excess fluid in their ears for many months or constantly and it may go undetected because there is no infection.
Think of walking around with your ears plugged or being under water. The muffled sounds that you hear is how the infant or toddler with an infection or excess fluid will hear their world. This is why many children who have had recurring ear infections or chronic fluid build-up do not develop speech and language skills at a typical rate. For all of the time they have this fluid or infection, they are missing the models of speech. In an infant and toddler, a total of six months of not hearing adequately can make a big difference in development.
At times, a pediatrician will refer children to an Otolaryngologist (ENT) for tubes. These tubes have been called PE tubes meaning pressure-equalizing. They are also known as tympanostomy tubes. These tubes help keep fluid draining and work to prevent infections from recurring. One possible side effect from tubes is a small amount of scarring on the ear drum that may slightly affect hearing due to making the ear drum a bit more rigid. This is not generally significant enough to worry about, it is just a small result from a procedure that is helpful in the long run.
Children with known chronic ear infections are usually more closely followed by their pediatricians for a possible delay in speech and language development skills. This is not always the case. It is also important for parents to educate themselves in the developmental milestones their children should reach so that if there is ever a concern, they can notify the pediatrician early. The time that it may be realized that a child has non-infected chronic fluid build-up may not be until a scheduled well-baby doctor visit or at a time when the child has been brought to the doctor for an unrelated issue. Delays in sound production and language skills should be a clue that something with the child's ears may be a concern.
It is recommended that any child with recurring ear infections or delay in speech and language skills receive a complete hearing assessment. It is at this time that the reason for the delay may be discovered and addressed. A very common reason for speech delay is chronic ear infections. Once this issue is cleared up, a child will generally begin to catch up skills. Speech therapy may be recommended to help the parents and children gain missing skills more quickly. Even if a child has not had known ear infections or fluid, they should get a hearing assessment as soon as it is determined that there is any speech delay. There are other reasons for hearing loss in children and for speech delays. It is always important to have hearing tested so the correct treatment can occur.
I have been asked many times if it is possible to prevent ear infections in babies and toddlers. Although some children will get them regardless of the steps you take to prevent them (the same way they get the common cold), there are things you should know and do. A baby's eustachian tube (the tube from the ear to the throat) is smaller and positioned horizontally. Until a persons eustachian tube grows and changes angle to a more downward position, they will be more suseptible to infection and fluid build-up.
A baby should never be lying flat to drink a bottle. If they are held at an angle of at least 45 degrees, you lessen the chance of any liquid backing up and sitting in the eustachian tube, possibly causing infections. My professional opinion on this tip is also that babies should never be left propped up someplace to drink a bottle. Feeding a baby is one of the best times to bond with them emotionally and provides a perfect time to talk and interact with him. You can sing to him, look at him, encourage feedback and just bond. Speech and language skills can be learned in this time by making funny noises, showing various nice emotions in your face, saying strings of consonants-vowel combinations (ba-ba-ba or ma-ma-ma). The baby has your undivided attention and eye contact during this time. Breastfeeding is also a way to prevent ear infections for two reasons. Babies generally are not lying flat to breastfeed and they are gaining the benefits to their immune systems that breastfeeding provides. I also like the benefit of having to be with your baby while feeding, increasing the speech time!
There are several other tips for trying to prevent ear infections. Children should not be exposed to cigarrette smoke. Children who have weakened immune systems or have allergies are more susceptible, so trying to avoid having them get colds will also help. Children in large day care settings may be exposed to more colds and other germs that may increase infection risk. If a child does have a cold with nasal congestion, try to keep his nose clear of fluid to decrease back-up into eustachian tube. Provide your child with a well balanced and healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables that boost the immune system.
feel free to ask questions here or to my direct email at beajvw@hotmail.com
Think of walking around with your ears plugged or being under water. The muffled sounds that you hear is how the infant or toddler with an infection or excess fluid will hear their world. This is why many children who have had recurring ear infections or chronic fluid build-up do not develop speech and language skills at a typical rate. For all of the time they have this fluid or infection, they are missing the models of speech. In an infant and toddler, a total of six months of not hearing adequately can make a big difference in development.
At times, a pediatrician will refer children to an Otolaryngologist (ENT) for tubes. These tubes have been called PE tubes meaning pressure-equalizing. They are also known as tympanostomy tubes. These tubes help keep fluid draining and work to prevent infections from recurring. One possible side effect from tubes is a small amount of scarring on the ear drum that may slightly affect hearing due to making the ear drum a bit more rigid. This is not generally significant enough to worry about, it is just a small result from a procedure that is helpful in the long run.
Children with known chronic ear infections are usually more closely followed by their pediatricians for a possible delay in speech and language development skills. This is not always the case. It is also important for parents to educate themselves in the developmental milestones their children should reach so that if there is ever a concern, they can notify the pediatrician early. The time that it may be realized that a child has non-infected chronic fluid build-up may not be until a scheduled well-baby doctor visit or at a time when the child has been brought to the doctor for an unrelated issue. Delays in sound production and language skills should be a clue that something with the child's ears may be a concern.
It is recommended that any child with recurring ear infections or delay in speech and language skills receive a complete hearing assessment. It is at this time that the reason for the delay may be discovered and addressed. A very common reason for speech delay is chronic ear infections. Once this issue is cleared up, a child will generally begin to catch up skills. Speech therapy may be recommended to help the parents and children gain missing skills more quickly. Even if a child has not had known ear infections or fluid, they should get a hearing assessment as soon as it is determined that there is any speech delay. There are other reasons for hearing loss in children and for speech delays. It is always important to have hearing tested so the correct treatment can occur.
I have been asked many times if it is possible to prevent ear infections in babies and toddlers. Although some children will get them regardless of the steps you take to prevent them (the same way they get the common cold), there are things you should know and do. A baby's eustachian tube (the tube from the ear to the throat) is smaller and positioned horizontally. Until a persons eustachian tube grows and changes angle to a more downward position, they will be more suseptible to infection and fluid build-up.
A baby should never be lying flat to drink a bottle. If they are held at an angle of at least 45 degrees, you lessen the chance of any liquid backing up and sitting in the eustachian tube, possibly causing infections. My professional opinion on this tip is also that babies should never be left propped up someplace to drink a bottle. Feeding a baby is one of the best times to bond with them emotionally and provides a perfect time to talk and interact with him. You can sing to him, look at him, encourage feedback and just bond. Speech and language skills can be learned in this time by making funny noises, showing various nice emotions in your face, saying strings of consonants-vowel combinations (ba-ba-ba or ma-ma-ma). The baby has your undivided attention and eye contact during this time. Breastfeeding is also a way to prevent ear infections for two reasons. Babies generally are not lying flat to breastfeed and they are gaining the benefits to their immune systems that breastfeeding provides. I also like the benefit of having to be with your baby while feeding, increasing the speech time!
There are several other tips for trying to prevent ear infections. Children should not be exposed to cigarrette smoke. Children who have weakened immune systems or have allergies are more susceptible, so trying to avoid having them get colds will also help. Children in large day care settings may be exposed to more colds and other germs that may increase infection risk. If a child does have a cold with nasal congestion, try to keep his nose clear of fluid to decrease back-up into eustachian tube. Provide your child with a well balanced and healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables that boost the immune system.
feel free to ask questions here or to my direct email at beajvw@hotmail.com
Sunday, January 31, 2010
Vocal Abuse in Children
Many children abuse their voices. A few children will actually develop serious problems as a result. Children are known to yell, scream, cry, make loud motor sounds, make character noises, growl like animals and make other harsh sounds. Some children are exposed to smoke. Some children do not correctly use the muscles in their necks when speaking and may tense their neck muscles. This may be a result of inadequate breath support and supply. Vocal abuse is also seen in older children such as cheerleaders, yelling spectators at a sports event or just in a family that shouts a lot. We have all experienced a bit of laryngitis after cheering a sports event, screaming or singing loudly at a concert or a day of overusing our voice. This one time abuse does not generally have a long term effect.
Vocal abuse, also known as vocal misuse can lead to serious problems which can include vocal fold inflamation, chronic laryngitis, vocal nodules, vocal polyps, and contact ulcers. Children may start to exhibit a hoarse or raspy vocal quality which is a sign that something more serious is happening.
Vocal nodules are among the most common problem that develops. Kenny Rogers and Rachel Ray have both been diagnosed with vocal nodules. Their chronically raspy voice is a symptom of this problem. Vocal nodules are non-cancerous calluses that form on the soft tissue of the vocal folds, also known as vocal cords. The voice takes on a raspy quality because the vocal folds can not easily close due to the mass on them. It also takes more effort to get the vocal folds to touch which adds to the problem.
A diagnosis of vocal nodules is made by an ear, nose, throat doctor, also known as an otolaryngologist. Although surgery can remove nodules, it is not usually the first plan of attack. With surgery, the nodules can be removed, but if the behaviors are not changed, the nodules can return. Voice therapy with a Speech Pathologist is usually recommended as a first step. This therapy will include a vocal abuse reduction plan. The child must learn new voice behaviors that include new breathing patterns, good vocal hygiene and easy onset of speech.
Most conditions that result from vocal abuse are reversible. Without treatment, however, children can become adults with vocal nodules. Since it is easier for children to change speaking patterns early, it is best to address it when the problem first starts.
It is recommended that you try to keep your child's vocal abuse behaviors as controlled as possible. This is often accomplished best through modeling. It is an interesting phenomenon that if you talk very softly to children, they tend to speak more softly as well. The opposite is also true. In a household that is loud and the family members must shout to be heard or just tend to be loud in general, the children will follow that lead. Young children will use their voice in a variety of ways during play and that should not be discouraged completely. They need to make environmental noises to develop speech and language skills. They just need adult reminders and direction to help them keep it under control.
I am opposed to the terms "inside voice" and "outside voice" because the children shouldn't be allowed to abuse their voices just because they are outside. I prefer that they learn one phrase that reminds them to use their soft voice. This way, they can be reminded to change their vocal behavior with the same reminder phrase no matter where they are at the time. It is also more clear to them after you teach them the difference between soft and hard voice.
Vocal abuse, also known as vocal misuse can lead to serious problems which can include vocal fold inflamation, chronic laryngitis, vocal nodules, vocal polyps, and contact ulcers. Children may start to exhibit a hoarse or raspy vocal quality which is a sign that something more serious is happening.
Vocal nodules are among the most common problem that develops. Kenny Rogers and Rachel Ray have both been diagnosed with vocal nodules. Their chronically raspy voice is a symptom of this problem. Vocal nodules are non-cancerous calluses that form on the soft tissue of the vocal folds, also known as vocal cords. The voice takes on a raspy quality because the vocal folds can not easily close due to the mass on them. It also takes more effort to get the vocal folds to touch which adds to the problem.
A diagnosis of vocal nodules is made by an ear, nose, throat doctor, also known as an otolaryngologist. Although surgery can remove nodules, it is not usually the first plan of attack. With surgery, the nodules can be removed, but if the behaviors are not changed, the nodules can return. Voice therapy with a Speech Pathologist is usually recommended as a first step. This therapy will include a vocal abuse reduction plan. The child must learn new voice behaviors that include new breathing patterns, good vocal hygiene and easy onset of speech.
Most conditions that result from vocal abuse are reversible. Without treatment, however, children can become adults with vocal nodules. Since it is easier for children to change speaking patterns early, it is best to address it when the problem first starts.
It is recommended that you try to keep your child's vocal abuse behaviors as controlled as possible. This is often accomplished best through modeling. It is an interesting phenomenon that if you talk very softly to children, they tend to speak more softly as well. The opposite is also true. In a household that is loud and the family members must shout to be heard or just tend to be loud in general, the children will follow that lead. Young children will use their voice in a variety of ways during play and that should not be discouraged completely. They need to make environmental noises to develop speech and language skills. They just need adult reminders and direction to help them keep it under control.
I am opposed to the terms "inside voice" and "outside voice" because the children shouldn't be allowed to abuse their voices just because they are outside. I prefer that they learn one phrase that reminds them to use their soft voice. This way, they can be reminded to change their vocal behavior with the same reminder phrase no matter where they are at the time. It is also more clear to them after you teach them the difference between soft and hard voice.
Saturday, January 23, 2010
Reading With Your Child
I once went to a home where there were two preschool children. I was there to work with the two year old who was not speaking yet. The baby would later need services, but I was initially there to help the older boy. It was at this home that I got a true understanding of the fact that some people are simply not aware of what should be done with children to ensure that they reach developmental milestones of speaking, language, motor skills, feeding etc. While chatting with the parent and giving ideas of how she can use books with the child in ways other than just reading the stories, she said "We don't have any books for the kids." I asked if that was because of how expensive they were, because I would be glad to leave some with her. She answered, "No, we didn't get them any because they can't read yet." This was a very eye opening moment for me. After this, I knew I would always be sure families of infants and toddlers had books and knew ways to use the books to encourage many skills to develop. The following is just a short list of things that can be learned through books before children learn to actually read the books and some of them are learned even before they are able to speak:
1. Visually attending to 2 dimensional pictures as opposed to 3 dimentional objects.
2. Isolated pointing with a finger as they touch pictures that are interesting to them or that are named.
3. Social time with parent as they spend time with a book.
4. Increasing length of attention to an activity.
5. Learning labels for pictures which increases receptive vocabulary.
6. Learning about things that they can not experience and gaining vocabulary.
7. Fine motor skills of opening flaps or turning pages.
8. Cognitive skill development as concepts are labeled. For example: "Big dog."
9. Develops book orientation, learning how pictures should face and left to right page turning.
10. Increased listening skills.
11. Ability to make noises and words that correspond with pictures.
12. Imitates actions seen in pictures.
13. Labels pictures or retells words heard in story.
14. Begins to pretend to read orally.
15. Begins to anticipate pages or parts of stories.
16. Following directions such as "Turn the page." of "Point to ___."
This list of benefits is based on the fact that a parent is using the books with the child. If the books are available to the children, but not used with them, they will not get any of these same benefits, because there will be no one modeling the words or proper book use. Babies will not naturally learn what to do with a book without the added interaction of an adult. They will likely look at them on their own as well, but it can't be stressed enough, how important it is to make it an activity that is also together.
Using books with a child does not mean the same thing a reading stories to them. All children are at different levels of understanding and with different attention spans. The youngest children will do well with the sturdy cardboard books with bright pictures. A few large pictures per page make it interesting for them to look at, easy for you to label for them and easy for them to know what you are referring to. Say "Apple" as you point to the apple. The babies will soon start imitating the pointing. Later, you can ask questions such as "Where's the apple?" and they will point.
As children get older, use books with one sentence per page that refers to the picture. You can use the sentences and then add to it yourself by looking at the pictures and talking about them in more detail. For example, if the short poem "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" is on one page, you can read the poem, and then talk about the picture. Say things like "I see 5 stars...1-2-3-4-5." "Stars are up in the sky."
Read with your child every day. Show excitement for reading. Be enthusiastic and very animated with reading. Be a great storyteller and it will keep your child's attention. Make it part of the naptime and bedtime routine. Other times of the day are great too as long as it is a relaxed atmosphere. Let the child choose the books, let them help hold the book and turn the pages. Let your child point to pictures and talk about things. Let you child fill in the last word of a sentence in a familiar story. There are many ways to use books, be creative.
Never worry about the fact that you didn't "Read" the story to them. It is not the completion of the written words on the pages that matters. It is the time with you and the time with books that will make the difference.
Books are expensive, but I encourage everyone to purchase a few. In addition, I think it is extremely important to introduce young children to the public libraries. Depending on your area, libraries are now offering many activities for infants and toddlers. It becomes a nice routine to go once each week to read books there and to bring new ones home. Attend any story time activities that are offered. This prepares children for the large group setting of a classroom to listen to stories and enjoy books/stories told by others.
It is also good also for your children to see you reading. Reading the newspaper, magazines and your own books will show children that reading is fun and since they like to copy their parents, they will probably go and get one of their books when they see you reading! Read with your older children as well. When they begin to read chapter books on their own, take turns reading the chapters. At night, even older children enjoy the time you will spend with them reading to them. They will always remember this time with you too. Have fun and read every day with your child!
1. Visually attending to 2 dimensional pictures as opposed to 3 dimentional objects.
2. Isolated pointing with a finger as they touch pictures that are interesting to them or that are named.
3. Social time with parent as they spend time with a book.
4. Increasing length of attention to an activity.
5. Learning labels for pictures which increases receptive vocabulary.
6. Learning about things that they can not experience and gaining vocabulary.
7. Fine motor skills of opening flaps or turning pages.
8. Cognitive skill development as concepts are labeled. For example: "Big dog."
9. Develops book orientation, learning how pictures should face and left to right page turning.
10. Increased listening skills.
11. Ability to make noises and words that correspond with pictures.
12. Imitates actions seen in pictures.
13. Labels pictures or retells words heard in story.
14. Begins to pretend to read orally.
15. Begins to anticipate pages or parts of stories.
16. Following directions such as "Turn the page." of "Point to ___."
This list of benefits is based on the fact that a parent is using the books with the child. If the books are available to the children, but not used with them, they will not get any of these same benefits, because there will be no one modeling the words or proper book use. Babies will not naturally learn what to do with a book without the added interaction of an adult. They will likely look at them on their own as well, but it can't be stressed enough, how important it is to make it an activity that is also together.
Using books with a child does not mean the same thing a reading stories to them. All children are at different levels of understanding and with different attention spans. The youngest children will do well with the sturdy cardboard books with bright pictures. A few large pictures per page make it interesting for them to look at, easy for you to label for them and easy for them to know what you are referring to. Say "Apple" as you point to the apple. The babies will soon start imitating the pointing. Later, you can ask questions such as "Where's the apple?" and they will point.
As children get older, use books with one sentence per page that refers to the picture. You can use the sentences and then add to it yourself by looking at the pictures and talking about them in more detail. For example, if the short poem "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" is on one page, you can read the poem, and then talk about the picture. Say things like "I see 5 stars...1-2-3-4-5." "Stars are up in the sky."
Read with your child every day. Show excitement for reading. Be enthusiastic and very animated with reading. Be a great storyteller and it will keep your child's attention. Make it part of the naptime and bedtime routine. Other times of the day are great too as long as it is a relaxed atmosphere. Let the child choose the books, let them help hold the book and turn the pages. Let your child point to pictures and talk about things. Let you child fill in the last word of a sentence in a familiar story. There are many ways to use books, be creative.
Never worry about the fact that you didn't "Read" the story to them. It is not the completion of the written words on the pages that matters. It is the time with you and the time with books that will make the difference.
Books are expensive, but I encourage everyone to purchase a few. In addition, I think it is extremely important to introduce young children to the public libraries. Depending on your area, libraries are now offering many activities for infants and toddlers. It becomes a nice routine to go once each week to read books there and to bring new ones home. Attend any story time activities that are offered. This prepares children for the large group setting of a classroom to listen to stories and enjoy books/stories told by others.
It is also good also for your children to see you reading. Reading the newspaper, magazines and your own books will show children that reading is fun and since they like to copy their parents, they will probably go and get one of their books when they see you reading! Read with your older children as well. When they begin to read chapter books on their own, take turns reading the chapters. At night, even older children enjoy the time you will spend with them reading to them. They will always remember this time with you too. Have fun and read every day with your child!
Wednesday, January 13, 2010
Parts of Speech Review
When we are in school we learn the parts of speech and their definitions. Later, most people can remember things like "A noun is a person, place or thing." or "A verb is an action." It is all of the other parts of speech that we forget. It is not until your fourth grader comes home with homework that it all starts to come back to you. I thought I would do a little review of the definitions of the parts of speech and some other terms we learned in elementary grammar lessons. In language therapy, if a child is having difficulty with grammar, we will focus on specific areas of weakness. Some students need to be more descriptive in their writing so we work on adjectives. Some students have difficulty with irregular plural nouns or verb tense agreement. I will not get into the complications of the language such as when words are sometimes pronouns and sometimes adjectives for example. Anyone interested in more than the basics can feel free to research this topic. Here is a list of terms with examples. Some you may remember and some may be unfamiliar.
Common Noun: A word used to label a person, place, thing or idea such as ball, home, or happiness.
Proper Noun: Names a particular person, place or thing and is capitalized, such as Bob, Chicago, or the Declaration of Independence.
Pronoun: A word that takes the place of one or more nouns such as he, she, it, both, you.
Adjective: A word used to modify a noun or pronoun. It will often be a word that will answer the questions What kind? Which one? How many? or How much? Examples : tall, last, many.
Article: The most frequently used adjectives: a, an, the.
Proper Adjective: An adjective formed from a proper noun which will also be capitalized such as: American flag.
Action Verb: A word that expresses a physical or mental action such as run, or imagine.
Linking Verb: A word that helps to make a statement by linking the subject and predicate. The most common are the forms of the verb be: am, is , are, was, were, been, be, being, been. Other common linking verbs are: seem, taste, become.
Helping Verb: A word that accompanies other verbs to make a verb phrase. Some examples are will, have been. She will walk. They have been wondering.
Adverb: A word used to modify an adjective, verb or another adverb. Usually answers questions When? Where? How? and To what extent? Examples: It started here. He threw the ball far.
Preposition: A word that combines with a noun or a pronoun to make a phrase. Examples: in, on, under, from, off, through, against.
Conjunction: A word that joins words or groups of words.
Coordinating Conjunction: and, but, or, nor, yet
Correlative Conjunction: Found in pairs with other words between them: either...or, neither...nor,
not only...but also.
Subordinating Conjunction: A word that introduces an adverb clause such as since, as, because, or
if .
Interjection: A word that expresses emotion and is not related to other words in the sentence grammatically. Examples: Oh! Wow! Well,
Common Noun: A word used to label a person, place, thing or idea such as ball, home, or happiness.
Proper Noun: Names a particular person, place or thing and is capitalized, such as Bob, Chicago, or the Declaration of Independence.
Pronoun: A word that takes the place of one or more nouns such as he, she, it, both, you.
Adjective: A word used to modify a noun or pronoun. It will often be a word that will answer the questions What kind? Which one? How many? or How much? Examples : tall, last, many.
Article: The most frequently used adjectives: a, an, the.
Proper Adjective: An adjective formed from a proper noun which will also be capitalized such as: American flag.
Action Verb: A word that expresses a physical or mental action such as run, or imagine.
Linking Verb: A word that helps to make a statement by linking the subject and predicate. The most common are the forms of the verb be: am, is , are, was, were, been, be, being, been. Other common linking verbs are: seem, taste, become.
Helping Verb: A word that accompanies other verbs to make a verb phrase. Some examples are will, have been. She will walk. They have been wondering.
Adverb: A word used to modify an adjective, verb or another adverb. Usually answers questions When? Where? How? and To what extent? Examples: It started here. He threw the ball far.
Preposition: A word that combines with a noun or a pronoun to make a phrase. Examples: in, on, under, from, off, through, against.
Conjunction: A word that joins words or groups of words.
Coordinating Conjunction: and, but, or, nor, yet
Correlative Conjunction: Found in pairs with other words between them: either...or, neither...nor,
not only...but also.
Subordinating Conjunction: A word that introduces an adverb clause such as since, as, because, or
if .
Interjection: A word that expresses emotion and is not related to other words in the sentence grammatically. Examples: Oh! Wow! Well,
Tuesday, January 12, 2010
Bubble Play for Early Sound Development
One of my most favorite activities to do with infants, toddlers and preschoolers is to play with bubbles. The kids absolutely love bubbles and I often bring them out for the last few minutes of a session. The older kids think it's a reward and will work well with the promise of bubbles. I love them for several reasons. If the child is old enough, I have them practice blowing the bubbles as part of the activity. This works on oral motor strength and coordination. I use bubbles to encourage sign and gesture usage for "more," "please," "done," "bye," "yes," etc. I use related words to encourage all early developing sounds such as /h,p,b,d,m,n,w/. Some bubble play related words are: bubble, more, up, bye-bye, pop, done, please, wet, gone, blow, wow, uh-oh, high, yes, no.
When blowing bubbles with the child...use the key words repeatedly. For example: "Look....bubble..up-up-up...bye-bye bubble....pop-pop-pop...." "More bubble...pop-pop-pop....all gone..." "More bubble...uh-oh...pop-pop-pop...." "Bubble...wow!....up-up-up... uh-oh...pop!" "Wow...high bubble....bye-bye." This is also a chance to ask questions of your child and encourage responses either verbally or with gestures. Ask child "Do you want more?" Encourage them to use head gesture for "Yes," sign for "More" or use words if they are able to say "more" or "more bubble."
This bubble activity is done regularly and the children begin to respond to the repetiveness of the words modeled and the activity of blowing and popping (popping the bubbles with a pointer finger encourages fine motor skills as well). They will often imitate the repeated words like "pop-pop-pop" after a few sessions. Soon they start to use some of the phrases spontaneously! Parents in my sessions usually love this activity as well. I encourage them to get bubbles and use them as often as possible when the children are learning these early sounds.. I recommend the spill proof type of bubble containers that are available now.
I will also work on body parts and object recognition with bubbles. I will catch the bubble on the wand and pop it on a body part or toy while I label it. "I'm going to pop this bubble on your foot." "Pop on block." You are then modeling speech sounds and vocabulary.
So get those bubbles out and have fun! The learning opportunities are endless.
When blowing bubbles with the child...use the key words repeatedly. For example: "Look....bubble..up-up-up...bye-bye bubble....pop-pop-pop...." "More bubble...pop-pop-pop....all gone..." "More bubble...uh-oh...pop-pop-pop...." "Bubble...wow!....up-up-up... uh-oh...pop!" "Wow...high bubble....bye-bye." This is also a chance to ask questions of your child and encourage responses either verbally or with gestures. Ask child "Do you want more?" Encourage them to use head gesture for "Yes," sign for "More" or use words if they are able to say "more" or "more bubble."
This bubble activity is done regularly and the children begin to respond to the repetiveness of the words modeled and the activity of blowing and popping (popping the bubbles with a pointer finger encourages fine motor skills as well). They will often imitate the repeated words like "pop-pop-pop" after a few sessions. Soon they start to use some of the phrases spontaneously! Parents in my sessions usually love this activity as well. I encourage them to get bubbles and use them as often as possible when the children are learning these early sounds.. I recommend the spill proof type of bubble containers that are available now.
I will also work on body parts and object recognition with bubbles. I will catch the bubble on the wand and pop it on a body part or toy while I label it. "I'm going to pop this bubble on your foot." "Pop on block." You are then modeling speech sounds and vocabulary.
So get those bubbles out and have fun! The learning opportunities are endless.
Tuesday, January 5, 2010
Keep A First Words Journal
When I first go into a home to start therapy with a toddler that is delayed in their speech I always ask the parents how many words the child currently uses. At first, parents usually do not know exactly how many words their child has. They may then start remembering that their child has said "mama" or "baba" or "dada." There are situations where this is actually the number of words the child has. More often, however, the child may actually have ten to twenty words in their expressive vocabulary. Parents can forget easily, even though at the time they think they will remember every word the child uses.
One of the first things I do is to have the parents start a "First Words Journal" in the form of a piece of paper placed on the refrigerator. I find this is the best method for ensuring that the parents use it. They see it and are reminded of it often. Whenever their child uses a word, they are to write it down as soon after they hear it as possible. The date should be added so it can be determined how often new words are added. If they hear the word again, they are to put a tally mark next to the word that had been written previously. This helps to see the number of times the child uses specific words and which words may have just been a one time production.
Parents aren't expected to keep a perfect record, but in one week an impressive log is often compiled. Through the course of therapy, I have parents continue to keep the journal as the child uses more words. Before long, there are often two word phrases added to the list! This is a great way to see the child's progress and have the parents be more aware of their child's speech attempts. Parents tend to get more involved trying to encourage new words to be able to add them to the list.
This is a great way to document any child's first words and phrases and becomes a keepsake for memory books. I especially encourage parents to use this if they suspect a delay. Be sure to date the new words the first time they are used.
One of the first things I do is to have the parents start a "First Words Journal" in the form of a piece of paper placed on the refrigerator. I find this is the best method for ensuring that the parents use it. They see it and are reminded of it often. Whenever their child uses a word, they are to write it down as soon after they hear it as possible. The date should be added so it can be determined how often new words are added. If they hear the word again, they are to put a tally mark next to the word that had been written previously. This helps to see the number of times the child uses specific words and which words may have just been a one time production.
Parents aren't expected to keep a perfect record, but in one week an impressive log is often compiled. Through the course of therapy, I have parents continue to keep the journal as the child uses more words. Before long, there are often two word phrases added to the list! This is a great way to see the child's progress and have the parents be more aware of their child's speech attempts. Parents tend to get more involved trying to encourage new words to be able to add them to the list.
This is a great way to document any child's first words and phrases and becomes a keepsake for memory books. I especially encourage parents to use this if they suspect a delay. Be sure to date the new words the first time they are used.
Monday, January 4, 2010
A Day in the Life of a Speech Pathologist
Today was my first day back to work following the Christmas Vacation. I thought I'd share with you a little timeline of my day. Every day is so different, I'll share one of my totally different sort of days another time.
I dropped my son off at the high school at 7:15. I arrived at the Intermediate School by 7:30 after stopping for a large coffee. Our school building has 4th and 5th graders only. I turned on the computer and logged on to the Online IEP site. An IEP is an Individualized Education Plan and it is the document that contains the test results, goals and other relevant information about the students.
I spent the next hour on the computer. I first entered the attendance for the month of December for my Medicaid eligible students into the related service log of each student's online IEP. Next, I realized that it was January and the second quarter progress codes needed to be entered on each goal for all 26 of my kids with IEP's. This online program takes at least half of the time off of "paperwork" like this. I only work at this school 17 hours a week, so 26 kids is quite a few. I also have 8 kids that receive "speech improvement" and do not have an IEP.
I had finished entering the progress codes (NP for no progress, SP for some progress, PS for progressing satisfactorily etc...) and had enough time to check school emails like the Principal's weekly newsletter and general requests from teachers for things. I then wrote an email to all of the teachers that had my students in their classes. I told them that I had to get started on annual review testing because I had half of my kids with early meetings this year. They are scheduled for February 24 &25th which is much earlier than we are used to. A change in Committee for Special Education scheduling caused this change for us. Onced I hit send, the 8:30 bell rang. This bell releases kids to their classrooms and to breakfast. I take a Breakfast Club group of speech improvement kids to work on sounds 'r' 's' and 'th' during this first half hour of the day before morning announcements and the school day technically begins. These kids do not have an IEP, so I don't feel right seeing them during the school day. Kids with an IEP have a documented time out of regular education slated for their therapy sessions.
The day is broken into half hour intervals for most pathologists. From 8:30 am until 2 pm were my 10 time slots for today. This is my longest day at the school. Other days I am only here about 3 hours. Here is how the rest of my day played out.
9-9:30 I pushed into a reading class that I have 5 language students in. A typical lesson in here is reading a chapter in a book and answering comprehension questions. Today we also worked on combining sentences such as The girl is running. The boy is running. The girl and boy are running. OR They are running.
9:30-10 I typically push into a reading class with a boy with Asperger's. Today I pulled him out for a little testing. He has trouble with things like use of idioms, metaphors, similies etc.
10-11 I pushed into a collaborative teaching classroom during English/Language Arts time. Mondays is the beginning of a spelling list week. They get a list of words, write these words into sentences, practice writing them in cursive, alphabetize them and copy them onto a list to study at home. During the rest of this time I provide lessons that directly address the goals of the students in there that are on my caseload. There are 7 in this particular group.
11-11:30 I pulled a student from his classroom for testing.
11:30-12 I see a small group of three kids in my therapy room. They are working on a variety of things, but the group works well together. One student leaves off all plural and possessive "s" markers and used the wrong tense in his spoken and written expression. The other boy in the group needs work on social skills involving conversation rules and socially appropriate topics and skills. The girl in this group needs to speak more loudly, provide longer and more complete answers and learn to use more descriptive words in her speaking and writing. Today was a conversation about vacation and Christmas presents.
12-12:30 I had a break. I spent this time going through all of my files to find information for a parent I met on twitter that has a child in need of speech therapy. I was unable to make any copies for her though since the copy machine ran out of toner with all the teachers using it this morning. Grabbed a cereal bar while I looked through files.
12:30-1 I pulled another student for some testing.
1-1:30 Yet more testing.
1:30-2 Back on the computer to go into the IEP site again. This time I had to sign off on two therapists' attendance. In our district there are two therapists and two pathologists. I am the supervisor of the two therapists and I have to sign off on all of their testing, therapy, attendance, etc.
2-2:30 Worked with two students who have Aspergers. Great session on idioms. One of them has caught on a bit that they are not meaning what they sound like. The other student is so literal, he can not yet get past it. It was fun though.
2:30 I left the school...but I was not done working yet!
2:45-3:15 I worked in a home with a 4 year old who has recently had his tongue clipped. He needs retraining in saying many words now that he has more tongue mobility. We are working on 't' and 'd' as well as 's' He previously made these sounds way in the back of his mouth...uses g for d for example.
3:30-4 I worked with a 2 year old boy in his home. He is just starting to use words and we are noticing that he leaves off all initial consonants. We are addressing this as well as increasing vocabulary and having him be able to follow more directions.
4:00....Headed home to make dinner. Evening activities begin.
This was my first day back after a very relaxing vacation. I honestly do not have any brain power left to write an in depth, educational post today. Hopefully tomorrow I will be back in the swing of things!
I dropped my son off at the high school at 7:15. I arrived at the Intermediate School by 7:30 after stopping for a large coffee. Our school building has 4th and 5th graders only. I turned on the computer and logged on to the Online IEP site. An IEP is an Individualized Education Plan and it is the document that contains the test results, goals and other relevant information about the students.
I spent the next hour on the computer. I first entered the attendance for the month of December for my Medicaid eligible students into the related service log of each student's online IEP. Next, I realized that it was January and the second quarter progress codes needed to be entered on each goal for all 26 of my kids with IEP's. This online program takes at least half of the time off of "paperwork" like this. I only work at this school 17 hours a week, so 26 kids is quite a few. I also have 8 kids that receive "speech improvement" and do not have an IEP.
I had finished entering the progress codes (NP for no progress, SP for some progress, PS for progressing satisfactorily etc...) and had enough time to check school emails like the Principal's weekly newsletter and general requests from teachers for things. I then wrote an email to all of the teachers that had my students in their classes. I told them that I had to get started on annual review testing because I had half of my kids with early meetings this year. They are scheduled for February 24 &25th which is much earlier than we are used to. A change in Committee for Special Education scheduling caused this change for us. Onced I hit send, the 8:30 bell rang. This bell releases kids to their classrooms and to breakfast. I take a Breakfast Club group of speech improvement kids to work on sounds 'r' 's' and 'th' during this first half hour of the day before morning announcements and the school day technically begins. These kids do not have an IEP, so I don't feel right seeing them during the school day. Kids with an IEP have a documented time out of regular education slated for their therapy sessions.
The day is broken into half hour intervals for most pathologists. From 8:30 am until 2 pm were my 10 time slots for today. This is my longest day at the school. Other days I am only here about 3 hours. Here is how the rest of my day played out.
9-9:30 I pushed into a reading class that I have 5 language students in. A typical lesson in here is reading a chapter in a book and answering comprehension questions. Today we also worked on combining sentences such as The girl is running. The boy is running. The girl and boy are running. OR They are running.
9:30-10 I typically push into a reading class with a boy with Asperger's. Today I pulled him out for a little testing. He has trouble with things like use of idioms, metaphors, similies etc.
10-11 I pushed into a collaborative teaching classroom during English/Language Arts time. Mondays is the beginning of a spelling list week. They get a list of words, write these words into sentences, practice writing them in cursive, alphabetize them and copy them onto a list to study at home. During the rest of this time I provide lessons that directly address the goals of the students in there that are on my caseload. There are 7 in this particular group.
11-11:30 I pulled a student from his classroom for testing.
11:30-12 I see a small group of three kids in my therapy room. They are working on a variety of things, but the group works well together. One student leaves off all plural and possessive "s" markers and used the wrong tense in his spoken and written expression. The other boy in the group needs work on social skills involving conversation rules and socially appropriate topics and skills. The girl in this group needs to speak more loudly, provide longer and more complete answers and learn to use more descriptive words in her speaking and writing. Today was a conversation about vacation and Christmas presents.
12-12:30 I had a break. I spent this time going through all of my files to find information for a parent I met on twitter that has a child in need of speech therapy. I was unable to make any copies for her though since the copy machine ran out of toner with all the teachers using it this morning. Grabbed a cereal bar while I looked through files.
12:30-1 I pulled another student for some testing.
1-1:30 Yet more testing.
1:30-2 Back on the computer to go into the IEP site again. This time I had to sign off on two therapists' attendance. In our district there are two therapists and two pathologists. I am the supervisor of the two therapists and I have to sign off on all of their testing, therapy, attendance, etc.
2-2:30 Worked with two students who have Aspergers. Great session on idioms. One of them has caught on a bit that they are not meaning what they sound like. The other student is so literal, he can not yet get past it. It was fun though.
2:30 I left the school...but I was not done working yet!
2:45-3:15 I worked in a home with a 4 year old who has recently had his tongue clipped. He needs retraining in saying many words now that he has more tongue mobility. We are working on 't' and 'd' as well as 's' He previously made these sounds way in the back of his mouth...uses g for d for example.
3:30-4 I worked with a 2 year old boy in his home. He is just starting to use words and we are noticing that he leaves off all initial consonants. We are addressing this as well as increasing vocabulary and having him be able to follow more directions.
4:00....Headed home to make dinner. Evening activities begin.
This was my first day back after a very relaxing vacation. I honestly do not have any brain power left to write an in depth, educational post today. Hopefully tomorrow I will be back in the swing of things!
Sunday, January 3, 2010
Phonological Processing Delay vs. Articulation Delay
Many children have difficulty producing sounds correctly. This is referred to as an Articulation delay or even sometimes as a Phonological delay. In previous posts I have discussed speech sound development and given some information about delayed speech production skills. Today I will discuss the difference between an articulation delay and a phonological processing delay. There is great information on the ASHA Website on this topic as well.
An Articulation or a Phonological delay is a delay in the ability to produce sounds correctly. Children may be late to speak in general or not master sounds at the times that other children do. These sounds are usually substitutions of an easier sound for a more difficult sound. An example is a child saying a /f/ for a /th/ in the word "bath."
A Phonological Processing delay is a sub-group of Articulation Delays where children have difficulty with a pattern(Process) of speech sound productions. Children all use phonological processes in their developing speech. A child's speech becomes phonologically delayed when they continue to use these normal processes past the typical age of use. I will give you one example of a typical phonological process.
The one phonological process that I work with most often is called Final Consonant Deletion also called Deletion of Final Consonants. This is very common as children learn speech. It is a normal pattern. They will say "da" before they say "dad" they will say "kuh" before they say "cup." As children approach age 3 to 3 1/2, they have generally stopped using this process. They will now use final consonants on a regular basis. If children are still using these processes past the general age of elimination, they may need to address it directly in therapy.
Once in a while a child will use a phonological process (pattern) that is not typical. This is identified as a phonological disorder rather than just a delay. I currently have one child using Deletion of Initial Consonants. This is not a typical pattern, it is challenging to address, but I am seeing progress. He is able to produce all age appropriate sounds in isolation and at the end of single syllables. Our therapy has focused on encouraging initial consonant production by taking him through the sounds developmentally. Since /m, b, p, d/ are typically early mastered sounds and since he could produce them well in the final position, we started encouraging production of these sounds before a vowel such as "ba," "be," "boo." Once he mastered this, we added a final consonant to see if he could maintain the ability to produce it in the initial position. He is showing progress with this method and now has some spontaneous words that begin with /m, b, and d/.
An Articulation or a Phonological delay is a delay in the ability to produce sounds correctly. Children may be late to speak in general or not master sounds at the times that other children do. These sounds are usually substitutions of an easier sound for a more difficult sound. An example is a child saying a /f/ for a /th/ in the word "bath."
A Phonological Processing delay is a sub-group of Articulation Delays where children have difficulty with a pattern(Process) of speech sound productions. Children all use phonological processes in their developing speech. A child's speech becomes phonologically delayed when they continue to use these normal processes past the typical age of use. I will give you one example of a typical phonological process.
The one phonological process that I work with most often is called Final Consonant Deletion also called Deletion of Final Consonants. This is very common as children learn speech. It is a normal pattern. They will say "da" before they say "dad" they will say "kuh" before they say "cup." As children approach age 3 to 3 1/2, they have generally stopped using this process. They will now use final consonants on a regular basis. If children are still using these processes past the general age of elimination, they may need to address it directly in therapy.
Once in a while a child will use a phonological process (pattern) that is not typical. This is identified as a phonological disorder rather than just a delay. I currently have one child using Deletion of Initial Consonants. This is not a typical pattern, it is challenging to address, but I am seeing progress. He is able to produce all age appropriate sounds in isolation and at the end of single syllables. Our therapy has focused on encouraging initial consonant production by taking him through the sounds developmentally. Since /m, b, p, d/ are typically early mastered sounds and since he could produce them well in the final position, we started encouraging production of these sounds before a vowel such as "ba," "be," "boo." Once he mastered this, we added a final consonant to see if he could maintain the ability to produce it in the initial position. He is showing progress with this method and now has some spontaneous words that begin with /m, b, and d/.
Saturday, January 2, 2010
Speech Sound Development Guidelines
Children develop at different rates in all areas. There is a general guideline for when children reach developmental milestones, but there is a wide range of what is considered normal development. This is also true in the development of speech sounds in children. This may be referred to as Articulation Skills as well. The guidelines below are just that, they are only meant as a guide, not a definite rule. Different sources may place sounds at different age mastery, so you may read a source with slight variations to what I have here. The ages at which children master sounds, means that they are able to use the sound correctly in all word positions on a consistent basis. Children are always working on some sounds and can use them correctly in some word positions. We call those sounds emerging.
The earliest sounds that are generally mastered by children are /m,p,b,h,w,n/. Most children have these sounds mastered by the time they turn 3. While they are reaching mastery on these sounds, they are working on perfecting the following sounds: /k,g,d,t,v,f, y/. These sounds have generally been mastered by age 4. By age 6, children should now be able to use /ing, l, j, sh, ch, zh/. The sounds that are generally the latest to be mastered are/r, s, z, th/. Children at age 7 and 8 could still be working toward mastering these sounds.
Children generally use substitutions for sounds that they have not yet mastered. You will likely hear a three year old use many words, but not use the sounds of these words correctly. They may say "I wub ew" instead of "I love you." because they may still be working on mastery of /l, v, y/ sounds. We know what they are trying to say, but there are sound errors. Parents can usually fill in the blanks of their child's speech. They often do not even consciously notice the errors.
You may have a child that is making some later sounds, but not yet some early ones. This is possible. In this case, be sure to model these early sounds and do things that exaggerate the sounds they are missing. It is fine for parents to notice that a child is not making the /d/ sound, for example, and try to boost the development of this sound by doing activities that incorporate it. When you are rolling a ball down a slide say "down, down, down" Have child imitate. It is fine to have them look at you and tell them to listen to how you say it. Exaggerate the "d" while they see how you make it.
In an earlier post I told how learning speech sounds involves some trial and error. If a child is of an age that should be mastering a particular sound and he is not, it is fine to point out this sound and focus on it in play and activities. They will not know they are using sounds incorrectly if it is not addressed either directly or indirectly through modeling. I will do a later post on some activities to work on single sounds. If you feel that your child's overall speech sound development is delayed, contact your pediatrician who can refer you to a Speech Pathologist for an evaluation and therapy. If they do qualify for therapy, parents will still need to be involved in modifying the child's sound by doing activities and modeling suggested by the therapist.
Feel free to ask me questions if you are a little unsure about your child's current sound development.
The earliest sounds that are generally mastered by children are /m,p,b,h,w,n/. Most children have these sounds mastered by the time they turn 3. While they are reaching mastery on these sounds, they are working on perfecting the following sounds: /k,g,d,t,v,f, y/. These sounds have generally been mastered by age 4. By age 6, children should now be able to use /ing, l, j, sh, ch, zh/. The sounds that are generally the latest to be mastered are/r, s, z, th/. Children at age 7 and 8 could still be working toward mastering these sounds.
Children generally use substitutions for sounds that they have not yet mastered. You will likely hear a three year old use many words, but not use the sounds of these words correctly. They may say "I wub ew" instead of "I love you." because they may still be working on mastery of /l, v, y/ sounds. We know what they are trying to say, but there are sound errors. Parents can usually fill in the blanks of their child's speech. They often do not even consciously notice the errors.
You may have a child that is making some later sounds, but not yet some early ones. This is possible. In this case, be sure to model these early sounds and do things that exaggerate the sounds they are missing. It is fine for parents to notice that a child is not making the /d/ sound, for example, and try to boost the development of this sound by doing activities that incorporate it. When you are rolling a ball down a slide say "down, down, down" Have child imitate. It is fine to have them look at you and tell them to listen to how you say it. Exaggerate the "d" while they see how you make it.
In an earlier post I told how learning speech sounds involves some trial and error. If a child is of an age that should be mastering a particular sound and he is not, it is fine to point out this sound and focus on it in play and activities. They will not know they are using sounds incorrectly if it is not addressed either directly or indirectly through modeling. I will do a later post on some activities to work on single sounds. If you feel that your child's overall speech sound development is delayed, contact your pediatrician who can refer you to a Speech Pathologist for an evaluation and therapy. If they do qualify for therapy, parents will still need to be involved in modifying the child's sound by doing activities and modeling suggested by the therapist.
Feel free to ask me questions if you are a little unsure about your child's current sound development.
Friday, January 1, 2010
The Difference Between Speech and Language
The difference between "speech" and "language" has been a confusing point for many people. I have been called a Speech Therapist, Speech Teacher, Teacher, or Speech-Language Pathologist depending on who is saying it. Some people think I teach others how to give speeches, some think I teach kids how to speak and some think I am an English or reading teacher. One of the biggest confusions in public schools is when kids "go to speech" but we work completely on language goals. Some kids, as well as teachers and other adults, are confused by this contradiction. To alleviate this confusion just a bit, I will provide some definitions and explanation to help differentiate. This is just the quick explanation.
SPEECH (ARTICULATION): In the context of my profession, speech is the physical process by which we verbalize language. It is a method of communication that uses voice and coordinated movements of the speech articulators (tongue, lips, jaw, teeth etc.). When I am addressing "speech" in therapy, I am working on the person's ability to have adequate strength and coordination of the speech musculature through oral-motor exercises. I am working on teaching them correct articulation or placement of articulators for production of specific consonant and vowel sounds. For example, when a child produces an "f" instead of a "th" sound I first make them aware that they need to place their tongue between their top and bottom teeth, and blow gently rather than gently biting their bottom lip with their top teeth for making an "f." Once they learn the correct placement, we practice the sound alone, then we practice it at the syllable level, we practice it in all positions of short words, we progress to multi-syllable words, then phrases, sentences, and finally conversation. It is a lengthy process to correct an error sound because there is conscious effort needed on the person's part. Eventually, with practice, there is muscle memory and a change from voluntary concentration on the sound to an involuntary carry over of correct production to all contexts. It can be compared to anyone attempting to change a habit.
LANGUAGE: The understanding and use of our language is the focus of language therapy. A few of the things I might address are concepts, grammar, use of language in social settings (pragmatics), morphology (plural markers, possessive markers, irregular verb tense...), word finding, vocabulary, synonyms, homonyms, and written expression. This is not a complete list, but it gives you an idea of the category.
When children are evaluated for their language abilities, there are assessments done in receptive and expressive language areas separately. Children generally have better receptive skills than expressive skills since they can understand things before they can express the same things. Testing for specific areas of weakness helps to guide the development of goals for each child.
Receptive Language: The general definition of receptive language is the processing and understanding of language.
Expressive Language: Expressive language is the use of the language. This can be in any form such as oral or written.
SPEECH (ARTICULATION): In the context of my profession, speech is the physical process by which we verbalize language. It is a method of communication that uses voice and coordinated movements of the speech articulators (tongue, lips, jaw, teeth etc.). When I am addressing "speech" in therapy, I am working on the person's ability to have adequate strength and coordination of the speech musculature through oral-motor exercises. I am working on teaching them correct articulation or placement of articulators for production of specific consonant and vowel sounds. For example, when a child produces an "f" instead of a "th" sound I first make them aware that they need to place their tongue between their top and bottom teeth, and blow gently rather than gently biting their bottom lip with their top teeth for making an "f." Once they learn the correct placement, we practice the sound alone, then we practice it at the syllable level, we practice it in all positions of short words, we progress to multi-syllable words, then phrases, sentences, and finally conversation. It is a lengthy process to correct an error sound because there is conscious effort needed on the person's part. Eventually, with practice, there is muscle memory and a change from voluntary concentration on the sound to an involuntary carry over of correct production to all contexts. It can be compared to anyone attempting to change a habit.
LANGUAGE: The understanding and use of our language is the focus of language therapy. A few of the things I might address are concepts, grammar, use of language in social settings (pragmatics), morphology (plural markers, possessive markers, irregular verb tense...), word finding, vocabulary, synonyms, homonyms, and written expression. This is not a complete list, but it gives you an idea of the category.
When children are evaluated for their language abilities, there are assessments done in receptive and expressive language areas separately. Children generally have better receptive skills than expressive skills since they can understand things before they can express the same things. Testing for specific areas of weakness helps to guide the development of goals for each child.
Receptive Language: The general definition of receptive language is the processing and understanding of language.
Expressive Language: Expressive language is the use of the language. This can be in any form such as oral or written.
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